Unsteady end-wall pressure measurements using near-field diy sensors on fouled fan rotor blade

The fouling is identifiable by the presence of dust on rotor and stator blades, and its main origin, in industrial turbomachinery, is the presence of a film of moist or lubricant driven to the trailing edge by the near-wall flow, or centrifuged toward the casing by impeller rotation. Solid particles pile up on them, leading to eccentricity and load unbalance. The formation of build-up results in performance reduction, and the chance of a deposit detachment while the impeller spun, may cause damages due to the impact on the machine parts. In industrial fans, the presence of fouling influences the characteristic curve and could anticipate stall when the flow rate is throttled. Rotating stall is an aerodynamic instability with a typical frequency about half the rotor frequency, acoustically identifiable from the changes in the emitted rotor noise, due to displacement from the stability. This work investigates rotating stall dynamics on an axial fan with fouled blades. The stall is identified with time-resolved pseudo-sound measurements in the end-wall region using DIY sensors. The signals have been analysed in frequency domain, and time domain using a phase space reconstruction technique. It is demonstrated a modification of the dynamic to stall and are identified diverse stall precursors

Numerical study on active and passive trailing edge morphing applied to a multi-MW wind turbine section

A progressive increasing in turbine dimension has characterized the technological development in offshore wind energy utilization. This aspect reflects on the growing in blade length and weight. For very large turbines, the standard control systems may not be optimal to give the best performance and the best vibratory load damping, keeping the condition of maximum energy production. For this reason, some new solutions have been proposed in research. One of these is the possibility of morphs the blade surface in an active way (increasing the performance in low wind region) or passive (load reduction) way. In this work, we present a numerical study on the active and passive trailing edge morphing, applied to large wind turbines. In particular, the study focuses on the aerodynamic response of a midspan blade section, in terms of fluid structure interaction (FSI) and driven surface deformation. We test the active system in a simple start-up procedure and the passive system in a power production with turbulent wind conditions, that is, two situations in which we expect these systems could improve the performance. All the computations are carried out with a FSI code, which couples a 2D-CFD solver, a moving mesh solver (both implemented in OpenFOAM library) and a FEM solver. We evaluate all the boundary conditions to apply in the section problem by simulating the 5MW NREL wind turbine with the NREL CAE-tools developed for wind turbine simulation

Assessment of a diagnostic procedure for the monitoring and control of industrial processes

The definition of “energy efficiency” entails programming, planning and implementation of operational tools and strategies leading to the reduction of energy demand for the same offered services. Among the typical industrial energy uses, the production of compressed air represents certainly an important segment of potential saving. The present work studies the monitoring of the compressed air used for blow moulding of a packaging solution company. The study addresses the monitoring of compressed air line in term of operational and energy variables. The available measured data are used to evaluate the energy performance evolution during a year time. The work tackles the problem with two different approaches based on univariate and multivariate methods. The first method aims at finding a key performance index and a new univariate control chart related to energy/operational parameters to better monitor the performance of the compressed air plant. Besides, the multivariate analysis of the production process is applied in order to analyse the energy efficiency by also considering the multiple variables influencing the whole process itself. Final purposes are identify a new methodology for the production process analysis and evaluate flaws and strengths of these models

Multivariate KPI for energy management of cooling system in food industry

Within EU, the food industry is currently ranked among the energy-intensive sectors, mainly as a consequence of the cooling system shareover the total energy demand. As such, the definition of appropriate key performance indicators (KPI) for ammonia chillers can play a strategic role for the efficient monitoring of the energy performance of the cooling systems. The goal of this paper is to develop an appropriate management approach, to account for energy inefficiency of the single compressors, and to identify the specific variables driving the performance outliers. To this end, a new KPI is proposed which correlates the energy consumption and the different process variables. The construction of the new indicator was carried out by means of multivariate statistical analysis, in particular using Kernel Partial Least Square (KPLS).This method is able to evaluate the maximum correlation between dataset and energy consumption employing nonlinear regression techniques. The validity of the new KPI is discussed on a case study relevant to the cooling system of a frozen ready meals industry. The assessment of the proposed metric is one against Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) like indicator, typically used in the context of the Energy Management Systems

Experimental and computational investigation of a new solar integrated collector storage system

The paper discusses a combined experimental-numerical analysis of an innovative solar thermal device to be used as an Integrated Collector Storage (ICS) system providing domestic hot water. In this equipment the collector acts also as a storage unit, without requiring an external vessel. Due to its simple configuration, the ICS device was successfully used in several circumstances, especially in extreme situations such as in post-earthquake tent cities or to reach remote users in Africa. In order to assess the efficiency of this collector, the draw-off process was investigated measuring the value of the mean temperature of the water discharging from the tap as cold water filled the collector. In the present configuration the draw-off is not completely optimised and a detailed analysis was carried out in order to investigate the mixing of cold and hot water in the solar collector during the discharge phase. A series of thermocouples was placed in selected positions around the shield of the collector to investigate the evolution of the near wall temperature. Furthermore, a numerical analysis based on Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) of the mixing process inside the collector was carried out using an open source, in-house, finite-volume computational code. Even if some restrictive hypotheses were made on the thermal boundary conditions and the absence of stratification, the LES results gave interesting findings to improve the collector performance

Industrial energy management systems in Italy: state of the art and perspective

Despite the economic crisis, the impact of industry sector Share on the total primary energy demand in Italy is still significant. The certification of companies according to the standard ISO 50001:2011 ("Energy management systems Requirements and guidelines for use"), can represent a key element in the achievement of objectives set in the 20-20-20 Climate-Energy Package. This paper illustrates the state of implementation of ISO 50001 certifications in Italy, reporting on the results of a questionnaire carried out as a part of a master's thesis project at Sapienza, University of Rome in collaboration with FIRE (Italian Federation for the Rational Use of Energy) that included the major certification bodies, certified companies and consultants. The purpose is to outline the current situation, identify the perspectives and highlight the pros and cons related to the implementation of an Energy Management System (EnMS). The big picture shows that Italy, one of the leading countries in energy efficiency policies, suffer from a significant delay in the implementation of the EnMS in industry with respect to Germany. The results of the survey also show that the definition of energy performance indicators, as hell as the individuations of an energy baseline and a. monitoring plan constitute the requirements most critical to comply with for companies than for consultants. It also appears that more than 35% of companies already ISO 50001 certified have received benefits in terms of cumulative energy saving above 5%, and that the main reason why they have implemented an EnMS is related to the potential impact on increasing the competitiveness of the core business

Atmospheric corrections for topographic monitoring systems in landslides.

SUMMARYNew automated “long range” total stations are actually available for monitoring landslides, dams, structures etc. The use of total station is consolidate within some hundred meters of distance and with a supervisor. But the long range (up to 3 km) measurements are not still completely investigated in operating condition. When the accuracy and the precision required are important, seems to be necessary to investigate the atmosphere influence on distance measurements. The research deals with the study of a landslide topographic monitoring system: the Collagna Landslide (Reggio Emilia, Italy) monitoring system. It consists of an automated long range total station acquiring about 36 prisms ,every 4 hours, since 2009. The idea was to test how atmospheric corrections could improve the measurements precision and accuracy to exploit the system capabilities. Some tests on the total station EDM (Electronic Distance Measuring) system are presented in operating conditions. Particularly attention was paid to the long distances dependence on atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure and relative humidity). Two kinds of corrections were applied, that of the instrument and one of the literature. Some differences were found on atmospheric corrections calculated with the two different methods. But it seems that atmospheric corrections can really improve the final result accuracy

End-plate for noise-by-flow control in axial fans

The paper presents a design procedure for anti-vortex end-plates that are fitted to tip limited blades of the subsonic axial fans utilised in compact cooling units. The authors study the impact of tip leakage vortex bursting on the performance of the studied class of fans. The vortex breakdown occurs in the swirling flows at a blade's tip, and is found to be a flow feature associated with the production of fan acoustic emissions. The link between aerodynamic flow features in the blade tip region and fan acoustic emissions is exploited through a design process that aims to control the blade tip flow with the specific objective of reducing fan acoustic emissions. This noise-by-flow flow control design process is implemented by reconfiguring the end-plate at the blade tip using a multiple-vortex-breakdown criterion for the design of the end-plates. The aerodynamic and acoustic performance of the newly conceived end-plate design has been assessed and is compared with the performance of a fan with blades fitted with base-line end-plate geometry. The assessment of aerodynamic and acoustic performance utilises both numerical simulations of the flow-field in the blade tip region plus an experimental assessment of fan aerodynamic and acoustic performance. The reported research verified the technical merit of the developed passive noise control strategy, demonstrating that the control of blade tip leakage flow can result in a reduction in blade tip flow generated noise

Multi-sensors integrated system for landslide monitoring: critical issues in system setup and data management

This paper discusses critical issues related to the reliability of topographic monitoring systems such as ATS (Automated Total Stations), GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) and Ground Based InSAR focusing the attention on controlling the stability of networks infrastructure, which have influence on data correction procedures but are often taken for granted, and on integrating results in GIS (Geographic Information System), under a common reference framework and with respect to open-access ancillary data. The novelty of the paper lies in the demonstration of the efficiency obtained by a proper implementation of the system. Discussion makes reference to an active landslide by using ATS, GNSS and Ground Based InSAR in continuous and periodic mod